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(on many American keyboards it shares the key with "\") The pipe makes the output stop after
each screenful. For long files, it is sometimes convenient to use the commands head and tail that
display just the beginning and the end of the file. If you happened to use "cat" a binary file and
your terminal displays funny characters afterwards, you can restore it with the command "reset".
less filename
Scroll through a content of a text file. Press q when done. "Less" is roughly equivalent to "more"
, the command you know from DOS, although very often "less" is more convenient than "more".
pico filename
Edit a text file using the simple and standard text editor called
pico.
pico -w filename
Edit a text file, while disabling the long line wrap. Handy for editing configuration files, e.g.
/etc/fstab.
find / -name "filename"
Find the file called "filename" on your filesystem starting the search from the root directory "/".
The "filename" may contain wildcards (*,?).
locate filename
Find the file name of which contains the string "filename". Easier and faster than the previous
command but depends on a database that normally rebuilds at night.
./program_name
Run an executable in the current directory, which is not on your PATH.
touch filename
Change the date/time stamp of the file filename to the current time. Create an empty file if the
file does not exist.
xinit
Start a barebone X-windows server (without a windows manager).
startx
Start an X-windows server and the default windows manager. Works like typing "win" under
DOS with Win3.1
startx -- :1
Start another X-windows session on the display 1 (the default is opened on display 0). You can
have several GUI terminals running concurrently. Switch between them using <Ctrl><Alt><F7>,
<Ctrl><Alt><F8>, etc.
xterm
(in X terminal) Run a simple X-windows terminal. Typing exit will close it. There are other,
more advanced "virtual" terminals for X-windows. I like the popular ones: konsole and kvt
(both come with kde) and
gnome-terminal (comes with gnome). If you need something really
fancy-looking, try Eterm.
xboing
(in X terminal). Very nice, old-fashioned game. Many small games/programs are probably
installed on your system. I also like
xboard (chess).
shutdown -h now
(as root) Shut down the system to a halt. Mostly used for a remote shutdown. Use
<Ctrl><Alt><Del> for a shutdown at the console (which can be done by any user).
halt
reboot
(as root, two commands) Halt or reboot the machine. Used for remote shutdown, simpler to type
than the previous command.
Network apps
netscape
(in X terminal) Run netscape (requires a separate Netscape installation). The current versions of
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